History Of American Medical Ethics - 825 Words

While the history of American medical ethics dates back four centuries (Baker, 2013), it is critical to differentiate between what was strictly medical ethics; the ethics between physician and patient, physician and physician, and physician and community versus bioethics: all of the aforementioned with the addition of scientific research involving human subjects â€Å"†¦in reaction to researchers’ exploitation of vulnerable populations, most notably the 399 African-American males deceived into serving as research subjects by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) in its Tuskegee, a Syphilis Study†. (1932-1972) (Baker). Prior to the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, physicians, along with other medical professionals (midwives, nurses), traditionally rendered services based on a sizeable range of oaths and codes that aimed for just care and treatment of patients. The Belmont Report articulated not only what was morally outrageous about the Tuskegee Study, identifying that â⠂¬Å"Earlier American ideals of just treatment differ from those expounded in the Belmont Report† (Baker), but became the origination for bioethics. Baker expounds that social unrest and morally disruptive technologies furthered the exponential growth of as well as the recognition of the importance of the field of bioethics. Since then, the medical and research communities have understood the necessity of teaching and incorporating bioethics into the education of future practitioners of medicine and science but have notShow MoreRelatedTuskegee1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tuskegee Research Study on Syphilis Stephan J. Skotko University of Phoenix January 13, 2010 HCS-435 Ethics: Health Care and Social Responsibility Edward Casey Every person or family member who has faced a medical crisis during his or her lifetime has at one point hoped for an immediate cure, a process that would deter any sort of painful or prolonged convalescence. Medical research always has paralleled a cure or treatment. From the beginning of the turn of the 20th century the mostRead MoreMerriem Webster Dictionary Defines Ethics As The Principles915 Words   |  4 PagesMerriem Webster Dictionary defines ethics as the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group; a guiding philosophy (Ethic). Moral concepts governing a groups behavior cannot â€Å"be examined and understood apart from their history (MacIntyre, 1). Behavior that is seen as good and bad is depicted in ancient literature and poems. Iliad occurs during the Trojan War, circa 500 BC. Socrates (circa 470/469 – 399 BC) is known as one of the founders of modern philosophy; the Socratic Method isRead MoreEthics of Red Cross1495 Words   |  6 PagesHEALTH CA RE ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Michael B. Boone Code of Ethics A Look at the American Red Cross Date: January 25, 2015 The American Red Cross has been known to be one of the most humanitarian organizations in the United States and throughout the world aiding and helping in different series of generous contributions in many disaster areas as well as bringing health care advancement to communities in the Unites States and in the world that need help in development (DullesRead MoreMedicinal Practices from the American Revolution to the War of 18121308 Words   |  5 PagesMedicinal Practices; American Revolution to the War of 1812 For centuries, war has consumed millions of souls. It has caused heartache and has torn families apart. Today, properly educated doctors and nurses can treat wounds and injuries with proper care, but this taken for granted assistance wasn’t always readily available. In the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, nearly 30,000 American soldiers died. However, rather than being killed on the battlefield, the majority of soldiers died whileRead MoreLksjfklfj1460 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Latourette April 15, 2014 Pharmaceutical Industry Pharmaceutical needs have been a part of everyday human life ever since we have walked on this Earth. It is a need that is demanded each and every day by different people, for various medical conditions. It is incredible how the medicine today differs from the ones back then, including the way it was advertised and the process of it being made. In the nineteenth century, pharmaceutical companies used marketing tools through advertisementsRead MoreShould Medicine Be A Self Regulating Profession1383 Words   |  6 Pagesto eachother, or whether members of the general public should monitor the ethical conduct of doctors. Throughout history professionals go through a series of changes that adapt to their changing social and political environments. The responses to incremental change can be very successful, but often lead to a patchwork approach when attempting to strengthen an overall system. The medical profession is no exception. Over the years, the profession has attempted to self-regulate, but given the socialRead MoreEthical Healthcare Issues Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesDouglas Health Law and Ethics/HCS 545 October 17, 2011 Nancy Moody Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper In today’s health care industry providing quality patient care and avoiding harm are the foundations of ethical practices. However, many health care professionals are not meeting the guidelines or expectations of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) or obeying the organizations code of ethics policies, especially with the use of electronic medical records (EMR). Many patientsRead MoreWhy Do They End Up Committing Harmful Unethical Acts?1398 Words   |  6 Pages America has gone through an extensive moral and ethical history, from slavery to modern marriage rights. In the modern day many people are brought up with what typically would be regarded as good morals and ethics, yet as they grow up into adults many commit unethical or immoral acts. Those that are not brought up with what the majority of society thinks is ideal, probably were still taught by their parents what they believed to be correct, even though their way of thinking may be considered outdatedR ead MoreEssay on Internet - Ethics of Online Medical Records1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ethics of Online Medical Records      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract:   This paper describes the ethical implications of developing a national online medical database.   Such a database would contain the lifetime health records of every U.S. resident by combining information from a variety of sources.   The advantages of such a system are many, but in the end, the question remains whether patients want to trade privacy for better healthcare.    A lonely ninety-year-old Chinese woman walks into a clinicRead MoreThe Ethics Of Ethics For Healthcare Quality Professionals1272 Words   |  6 Pagespractices and values, continuing education on ethics for everyone involved, successful ethics substructure, and morally spirited and dauntless leaders (Winkler, 2005). These organizations have a vision and statements that directs behavior and decision making. The Code of Ethics furnishes a definitive model of conduct. The standard of conduct is entrenched in associations, affiliations, confidentiality, and commitment with health care professionals. The Code of Ethics for healthcare quality professionals

Posttraumatic Stress Traumatic Stress Disorder - 1500 Words

Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Sacle: A Review Within the human experience, there has always been a risk of exposure to both physical and psychological trauma. The threat of violence, personal tragedies, and economic and social catastrophes are all possible triggers for an onset of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). What was once reserved as a diagnosis for veterans has been found to affect both young and old. The development of various assessment tools have been used in diagnosing PTSD and one of the most commonly used tests is the Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. It is an assessment that was developed and validated by Edna Foa to provide a brief but reliable self-report measure of PTSD for use in both clinical and research settings (Zalta, Gillihan, Fisher, Mintz, McLean, Yehuda, Foa, 2014). The Post-Traumatic Diagnostic Scale is an assessment instrument deigned to be taken by adults with at least an eighth grade reading level. This review of will evaluate the hits, misses, false positive errors, and false negative errors of this instrument and how to each area is applied in interpreting the construct measurement of this assessment tool. Although the Post Traumatic diagnostic Scale has consistently ranked high with clinicians and researchers, in self-reporting the definition of trauma can potentially become subjective and compromise the reliability of the assessment tool. The Assessment Instrument: Post traumatic Diagnostic Scale The Post TraumaticShow MoreRelatedPosttraumatic Stress Disorder And The Classical Conditioning Theory1271 Words   |  6 PagesPOSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Posttraumatic Stress Disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events, such as major stress, sexual assault, warfare, or other threats on a person’s life. There are many factors surrounding posttraumatic stress disorder suicide that we will attempt to further summarize. We will clarify the epidemiology of posttraumaticRead MorePosttraumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )994 Words   |  4 PagesPosttraumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is a psychological problem that according to Nebraska Department of Veterans’ Affairs, in 2007, 7.8 percent of Americans will experience at some point in their lives. Posttraumatic stress disorder has a range of symptoms that affects the life of the person who suffers from the disorder and close friends and family. However, there is hope for the person suffering from PTSD and six dif ferent theoretical models to choose from. Posttraumatic stressRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Health And Mental Health Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesOvercoming Stress Have you seen a mental health expert about a mental health disorder, or were you diagnosed for such a condition? Most people will answer no even if they had a mental or emotional health issue in the past. Heath includes physical health and mental health, it’s not just physical. A lot of people hate to admit that they have mental disorder, and they might even refuse to seek a professional health care. It’s really important for people to take care of any emotional or mental issueRead MoreAssessment And Treatment Of Combat Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment and Treatment of Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder The number of veterans returning from the Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), and Operation New Dawn (OND) conflicts that are afflicted with posttraumatic stress disorder is estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands (Kip, et al., 2013, p. 1298), demonstrating the importance of the social worker to be knowledgeable of the symptoms and treatment of this disabling trauma. The purpose of this literatureRead MoreThe Long Term Effectiveness Of Prolonged Exposure Therapy1017 Words   |  5 Pagesreactions of trauma, training in controlled breathing, imaginal exposure to the memories of traumatic events and in vivo, real life, exposure to trauma triggers (Cahill, Foa, Hembree, Marshall Nacash, 2006). Real life exposure is intended to expose and challenge perceptions that safe stimuli are harmful and trauma triggers are intolerable. Imaginal exposure is the idea of repeatedly revisiting the traumatic memory to discover new information and accommodate that in formation into a realistic perspectiveRead MoreIntervention Of Children And Child Welfare979 Words   |  4 Pages There are many intervention programs and practices related to child welfare. One of these intervention models is Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention or CFTSI. This intervention program addresses the challenge of children who have suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder caused by a variety of things such as physical and sexual abuse (The California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare). This intervention practice came to be because of the multitude of children who are sufferingRead MoreTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1720 Words   |  7 PagesIt is normal, following a traumatic experience, for a person to feel disconnected, anxious, sad and frightened. However, if the distress does not fade and the individual feels stuck with a continuous sense of danger as well as hurting memories, then that person might in fact be suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PSTD could develop after a traumatic incident which threatens one’s safe ty or makes one to feel helpless (Dalgleish, 2010). Coping with traumatic events could be very difficultRead MorePsychology Paper Reign over Me631 Words   |  3 PagesFlashbacks are a key characteristic of a person who suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder. However, in the movie the audience does not witness Charlie having any flashbacks, although he does mention at one point that he continuously has flashbacks of his wife and children. Despite this missing element in the movie, â€Å"Reign Over Me† does a remarkable job portraying the life of a person suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Charlie Fineman lives in his own world as he constantly exudes anRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells The Green Arrow 1287 Words   |  6 Pagesmillionaire playboy that people only know him as in his universe. Oliver is smart, caring, and has suffered a lot in his life. Based on the diagnosis standards of the DSM-5, my primary diagnosis for Oliver would be posttraumatic str ess disorder, with a secondary diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Oliver has a lot to discover about his past and hopefully this will give insight to his character. Background Oliver Queen was born on May 16th, 1985 into a very rich family. He grew up getting into troubleRead MoreThe Effects of Psychological Trauma on Family Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagessituation, and the ability to assimilate his or her emotional experience is overwhelmed at certain situation. (Lawrence Robinson, 2011) A much more serious psychological trauma can leads to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) in certain circumstance. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD) is an anxiety disorder that certain peoples can change after seeing or living through a dangerous incident or after expose to any event that results in psychological trauma. (The National Institute of Mental Health

Competitive Advantage and Disadvantage Between Minorities and Women in the Workforce Free Essays

â€Å"It’s a small world. † How many times do we hear this in our everyday life? The internet, mass media, telecommunications, and mass transportation have all contributed to the shrinking of the international market. As companies become more and more diverse, it’s becoming more and more important for the employees to understand and manage it. We will write a custom essay sample on Competitive Advantage and Disadvantage Between Minorities and Women in the Workforce or any similar topic only for you Order Now For my research paper, I’ve decided to find out the competitive advantage and disadvantage between minorities and women in the workplace. Diversity in the workplace is a topic that many industries and organizations spend an abundant amount of time and training on in order to ensure its presence. Today’s workplace is more diverse than it has ever been in the history of America. 1 out of 4 Americans belong to a minority or is foreign-born. Women are making up less than half of the work force. Whether you are a business owner, executives, salesperson, or customers, your success will increasingly depend on your ability to function in a culturally diverse marketplace. Women, people of color, and immigrants will soon hold almost ? of all jobs in this country. In order to effectively manage diversity and recognize it as a source of strength instead of conflict, we will need to be educated and reprogrammed to accept and embrace diversity. In the world today, it is a face that a lot of people believe that racism is no longer exists. Little do they know, as of 2010, the National Organization of Women believes that the U. S. still needs an affirmative action plan. African American women earned 63 cents to a dollar for the jobs that men do, and Hispanic women earn 57 cents to the dollar and Blacks have twice the unemployment rates of whites. Minority and immigrant groups are often disadvantaged in gaining access to jobs for which they are educationally qualified and earn less than their white counterparts. Descriptive results showed greater overall underemployment among females than males. Blacks and Hispanics had higher unemployment and working poverty rates compared to non-Hispanic whites and Asians, with job mismatch highest among Asians. Immigrant underemployment was greater than that of the native-born Americans. Asians posted the largest disparity in immigrant versus native-born underemployment, and blacks had the smallest. The double disadvantage hypothesis of minority group and immigrant status is accepted only for Asian men and women with jobs mismatched to their skills and for Asian women, who are most likely to be unemployed or be among the working poor. Asian immigrants’ women have the characteristics to stay at home, cleaning house, shy, and less aggressive, which transform to have less attached to the workforce. Researchers have shown great interest in the study of gender and race effects on promotions outcomes. The evidence suggests that women are disadvantaged such that they are less likely to be promoted than their equal qualified male counterparts. Lacks of advancement opportunities is major contributors to voluntary quit decisions by employees that fitted the job well and contribute to the company they belong. Employment decisions should be based on skills and ability, allowing all employees to put their talents to good use and work together to get the best possible outcome. America is not the only place in the world that’s facing the challenge of workplace discrimination. Within the UK, construction has an unenviable status as being the industry with the lowest representation of women and ethnic minority employees. The construction workplace presents a challenging and hostile environment for non-traditional workers, and women and ethnic minority employees face both similar and different challenges and attitudinal barriers. Discriminatory behavior perform by the dominant white male workforce is unbearable, as are informal recruitment practices, exclusive networks and a competitive culture. As the turn of the new millennium, the proportion of minority members living n poverty, attending poorly funded schools, or experiencing other forms of disadvantage far exceed the proportion of whites under these conditions. It was found that the minority residents of communities with large minority populations were in worse socioeconomic conditions than the minority residents of predominately white communities. Furthermore it was found that as minority concentration increased, white residents tended to do better. In addition, the extent of racial inequality between minority and white residents was greater in communities with larger minority populations. The improvement of education and training to minority residents of racially concentrated communities will be very beneficial, not only to the people itself, also think of it as a better country as a whole. There is little question that the improvement of educational levels and employment skills of minority residents communities will pay dividends in the near future. The growing markets of Latin America, Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe are now playing an ever more important role in global buying, selling and manufacturing. Diversity within a company can help the firm better understand the culture, customs, and the way of doing business internationally. Customers also prefer to do business with a workforce that which they can identify, and that have a strong commitment to their community. There are many advantages to having a work environment that is diverse. A company that is prepared for changes in demographics is prepared for the market changes as well as the changes in the pool of applicants. Having a diverse workplace creates an increase in attracting and retaining the most qualified candidates. Diversity programs within corporations improve corporate culture, help in recruitment, and help to maintain better client relations. In conclusion diversity in workforce is growing in all countries, specially America, Canada, and Europe. With having more diverse work environment, organization can produce better performance. It is important for the companies to know diversity and how to handle the issues relating to it. Also the need of the diverse workforce is getting more not only because there are different people but also because they can produce better results with having different types of people working. Leaders in the organizations must learn diversity and how to manage it effectively. One of the reasons, aside that my family is back in Hong Kong, that I will end up going back to Hong Kong as soon as I graduate college is because as much as I don’t want to say it, I can feel discrimination everyday in my life. As little as just playing basketball on a nice day, someone around you will always have the stereotype about how you look and what to expect. We can arguably say that America is the â€Å"melting pot† of the world, but racism, in my book, will never escape in the use of our everyday life. How to cite Competitive Advantage and Disadvantage Between Minorities and Women in the Workforce, Papers

Investigating environmental issues involving the Polaroid Company Essay Example For Students

Investigating environmental issues involving the Polaroid Company Essay We, Giang, Brailovski, A ; Steinberg Consultants, have finalized this analytical study in order to decently analyze the environmental issues at manus affecting the Polaroid Company. This study examines Polaroid s current direction of their environmental duties and costs. In order to decently turn to the state of affairs, our advisers have analyzed Polaroid in an environmental scene and have investigated their current patterns of TUWR and EARS. While our findings suggest that the company s current plans have drastically improved their environmental cost capablenesss, we believe that they contain assorted defects and have therefore determined that accommodations should be implemented. Our house has come up with two options in order to assist Polaroid pull off their environmental duties and costs in a more productive mode. The suggested options will let for decreased pollution every bit good as lower overall costs, which will so take to greater relationships with environment and authorities organic structures. Additionally, our proposed options may in fact lead to greater gross for the company and the increased dependability of fiscal statement figures ; these consequences can be accomplished through alterations in Polaroid s current cost allotment meth ods. The first option that our house suggests involves budgeting entire pollution and environmental costs and so apportioning them to single house divisions in order to supply a mark pollution cap for directors. This pollution cap will be maintained through direction marks, restricting entire environmental pollution. This alternate wholly changes the cost allotment methods presently performed by EARS. The 2nd alternate involves comparing the part border of the division with the waste liability generated by its operations. From this comparing, the efficiency of the waste decrease plan and the profitableness of each division can be analyzed. This analysis can take to the finding of whether to extinguish divisions that are utilizing more Class I-IV chemical wastes if the costs of cut downing waste are higher than the runing border of the division. Finally, presuming that the managing of costs will go on to turn and go a critical factor associating to concern sustainability, our advisers have come up with of import recommendations that will assist Polaroid to execute under a more productive environmental attack. Our recommendations provide insight into why the first option is more practical for Polaroid and we besides help to show how this option can be implemented instantly. We hope that the study that follows AIDSs you in doing your determinations. Report Current Situation Facing Polaroid It is of import to analyse the current state of affairs facing concerns sing environmental cost direction before analyzing how Polaroid is and should act in conformity. In the mid-1980s, the US started implementing a forced killing for companies who committed environmental harm and these costs would greatly impact the companies liabilities. Today, in 1993, more and more traded companies are being identified as potentially responsible parties ( PRPs ) and the figure is assumed to turn. Countries other than the US are now suggesting ordinances that allege that companies are responsible for consumer disposal of their merchandises after usage ; this is referred to as the take back rule. In add-on, ISO 9000 is a voluntary enfranchisement but is progressively being demanded in Europe. The US is besides making their portion in acquiring companies to rectify their risky waste and this duty has stemmed from the RCRA and the CERCLA. CERCLA is a US jurisprudence that is really vague as it ca n keep anyone responsible for the killing that can be of any size and any cost. The preceding procedures clearly indicate the turning importance of pull offing environmental costs as they can take to serious long-run liabilities if non decently accounted for. Polaroid has been named a PRP on several Superfund sites which will take to cleanup costs in the 10s of 1000000s of dollars per site. Besides, Polaroid is an international company hence possibly holding to follow with the return back rule in certain states. It can be assumed that the US may take on similar steps as good hence taking to Polaroid being apt to even more environmental costs. Since 1988, Polaroid has been systematically apt and has been advised by the EPA that they must assist to retrieve multiple sites. It is clear that in order for Polaroid to cut down the liabilities that may originate, proper environmental duty and cost direction are critical. Background of TUWR and EARS In the past few old ages, Polaroid has been badly criticized by different organisations due to its production of significant sums of toxic wastes. In 1987, Polaroid was targeted by Greenpeace as being the worst toxic defiler of Boston Harbor. To counter this unwanted promotion, the company took a new attack in commanding its waste: Polaroid s directors began by puting the aggressive mark of a 10 % waste decrease per unit per twelvemonth to counter waste liability and delight the public sentiment. This extremist decrease was made possible by implementing the TUWR plan that was managed by the Environmental Accounting and Reporting System ( EARS ) . How does TUWR assist blow decrease? The Toxic Use and Waste Reduction Program is a voluntary attempt made by Polaroid to expeditiously cut down waste generated by the production installations. It is based on three premises: 1 ) cut down waste at beginning, instead than at the terminal of pipe , 2 ) set a series of marks for waste decrease, and 3 ) maintain unfastened communications with, and educate local communities and environmental groups. This plan is a great inducement for the company s division directors to make of import ends in cut downing the pollution created by the company s production. Polaroid set a chief end where the usage of waste per unit of production has to be reduced at the beginning by 10 % per twelvemonth from 1988 and stoping in 1993. It besides added a corollary end where it will stress the addition in recycling of some stuffs in the procedure of production. How does EARS assist blow decrease? The Environmental Accounting and Reporting System supports the TUWR in its map of cut downing waste, by spliting the waste usage rate between five different classs of stuffs. This coverage system can categorise up to 1,700 chemicals of which Polaroid uses about 800 at any given clip. None Provided1 Essay SummaryThis option is good to Polaroid because budgeting overall pollution end product and environmental costs keep both overall pollution and cost exposure to the company low. This allows Polaroid to keep good relationships with the environmental and authorities organic structures, and making low overall costs will besides let it to cut down environmental costs in a thick of progressively rigorous statute laws. Furthermore, apportioning divisional pollution indexes and environmental cost budgets to divisional directors gives them a mark to work towards in maintaining pollution degrees low. This provides them with more motive and freedom to believe about bring forthing higher grosss. As a consequence, the house productiveness would be higher. Additionally, Polaroid s soon contradictory recognition system of honoring high credits for both pollution decrease and net income coevals could be eliminated, as directors are now given mark pollution degrees, and can mor e easy concentrate on gross coevals. This presents benefits to both Polaroid and its employees. Simultaneously, by apportioning costs utilizing budgeted environmental costs, Polaroid has a clearer model in accounting for costs. These costs are budgeted based on historical informations and experience, and could be adjusted for over/under allotment. This allows for good cost accounting steps, supplying a more accurate degree of environmental costs accounted for. Subsequently, this allows Polaroid s direction to non merely pull off its costs suitably, but besides to hold dependable financial/statistical informations to back up its statements with environmental bureaus and other PRPs when apportioning overall cleaning up costs of contaminated evidences. This serves to take down Polaroid s costs over the foreseeable hereafter. Not to bury, it besides allows for more precise fiscal coverage criterions ; supplying an accurate liability coverage on the fiscal statements, and maintaining with IFRS and US GAAP s rule of supplying verifiable and collateral values. Alternate 2: Additions to the Current System For Polaroid to cut down its overall negative environmental impact, it could besides implement an alternate technique: the company can extinguish divisions that are utilizing more Class I-IV chemical wastes if the costs of cut downing waste are higher than the runing border of the division. In this instance, the TUWR is still used to cipher pollution costs per unit of end product, which will so be used to obtain overall environmental costs per division. The principle for such a method is that the sum of toxic waste and the costs needed to take it are straight related to each other. Hence, if the costs of cut downing waste are significantly higher than the runing border of the division, this represents significantly high degrees of toxic waste. Using runing border as a benchmark can therefore function as a guideline to toxic waste direction. In add-on to keeping low degrees of pollution/toxic waste, it besides raises long-run profitableness of Polaroid. Therefore, this alternate allow s Polaroid to keep low environmental costs, make a potentially good resonance with environmental and authorities organic structures, and increase company profitableness. On the other side, in larger divisions, the cost of cut downing waste may be smaller than operating net income. However, its overall toxic waste degrees and costs of cut downing may still be significant. This leads to high degrees of environmental pollution caused by Polaroid, at the same time doing high environmental costs for the house. In add-on, extinguishing these corporate divisions may take to removal of potentially profitable divisions of the house that may give high net incomes if environmental costs are better managed by other agencies. It besides does non make accurate methods of accounting for environmental costs. This add-on has to be analyzed in deepness by the comptrollers of the company before any execution actions are taken. Recommendations While our findings suggest that Polaroid s current plans of TUWR and EARS have drastically improved their environmental cost capablenesss, we believe that they contain assorted restrictions and have therefore determined that accommodations should be implemented. While the TUWR plan is turn outing to be really successful and encompasses the new environmental values of the company, EARS has some issues refering its allotment of the waste liability per merchandise. Consequently, in order to better cut down overall pollution degrees and guarantee good accounting patterns and steadfast profitableness, two options should be considered. First, entire pollution and environmental costs can be budgeted, and so allocated to single house divisions to supply a mark pollution cap for directors. Alternatively, divisions with higher costs of cut downing waste than the runing border of the division could be eliminated. In Polaroid s instance, the best solution is to use the first option of budgeting pollution and environmental costs, so apportioning it to the divisions. This is because this method is optimum in pull offing the houses environmental costs ; take downing overall pollution and entire costs incurred to the house. It besides allows for best cost accounting and fiscal coverage steps, and establishes a good repute for the house. Additionally, it is a extremely executable, low cost method, which ensures low environmental costs for Polaroid despite a ltering statute laws. In order implement this new system instantly, Polaroid should foremost prosecute in arrested development and discrepancy analysis on its merchandise demand to calculate steadfast end product. The company should so budget a bound on entire pollution waste for the approaching old ages and so apportion pollution degrees and costs utilizing a mark divisional pollution index for single divisions. Finally, it can so inform employees of the alteration in system, foregrounding the alteration in the function of TUWR in tracking pollution degrees. Implementing this step right is important, and will supply Polaroid with unprecedented benefits.